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CSS Borders CSS Borders The CSS border properties allow you to specify the style, width, and color of an element's border. I have borders on all sides. I have a red, bottom border. I have rounded borders. I have a blue, left border. CSS Border Style The border-style property specifies what kind of border to display. The following values are allowed: dotted - Defines a dotted border dashed - Defines a dashed border solid - Defines a solid border double - Defines a double border groove - Defines a 3D grooved border. The effect depends on the border-color value ridge - Defines a 3D ridged border. The effect depends on the border-color value inset - Defines a 3D inset border. The effect depends on the border-color value outset - Defines a 3D outset border. The effect depends on the border-color value none - Defines no border hidden - Defines a hidden border The border-style property can have from one to four values (for the top border, right border, bottom border, and the left border). Example Demonstration of the different border styles: p.dotted {border-style: dotted;} p.dashed {border-style: dashed;} p.solid {border-style: solid;} p.double {border-style: double;} p.groove {border-style: groove;} p.ridge {border-style: ridge;} p.inset {border-style: inset;} p.outset {border-style: outset;} p.none {border-style: none;} p.hidden {border-style: hidden;} p.mix {border-style: dotted dashed solid double;} Result: A dotted border. A dashed border. A solid border. A double border. A groove border. The effect depends on the border-color value. A ridge border. The effect depends on the border-color value. An inset border. The effect depends on the border-color value. An outset border. The effect depends on the border-color value. No border. A hidden border. A mixed border. Try it Yourself » Note: None of the OTHER CSS border properties (which you will learn more about in the next chapters) will have ANY effect unless the border-style property is set! ★ +1 Sign in to track progress

CSS Backgrounds CSS Backgrounds The CSS background properties are used to add background effects for elements. In these chapters, you will learn about the following CSS background properties: background-color background-image background-repeat background-attachment background-position background (shorthand property) CSS background-color The background-color property specifies the background color of an element. Example The background color of a page is set like this: body { background-color: lightblue; } Try it Yourself » With CSS, a color is most often specified by: a valid color name - like "red" a HEX value - like "#ff0000" an RGB value - like "rgb(255,0,0)" Look at CSS Color Values for a complete list of possible color values. Other Elements You can set the background color for any HTML elements: Example Here, the <h1>, <p>, and <div> elements will have different background colors: h1 { background-color: green; } div { background-color: lightblue; } p { background-color: yellow; } Try it Yourself » Opacity / Transparency The opacity property specifies the opacity/transparency of an element. It can take a value from 0.0 - 1.0. The lower value, the more transparent: opacity 1 opacity 0.6 opacity 0.3 opacity 0.1 Example div { background-color: green; opacity: 0.3; } Try it Yourself » Note: When using the opacity property to add transparency to the background of an element, all of its child elements inherit the same transparency. This can make the text inside a fully transparent element hard to read. Transparency using RGBA If you do not want to apply opacity to child elements, like in our example above, use RGBA color values. The following example sets the opacity for the background color and not the text: 100% opacity 60% opacity 30% opacity 10% opacity You learned from our CSS Colors Chapter, that you can use RGB as a color value. In addition to RGB, you can use an RGB color value with an alpha channel (RGBA) - which specifies the opacity for a color. An RGBA color value is specified with: rgba(red, green, blue, alpha). The alpha parameter is a number between 0.0 (fully transparent) and 1.0 (fully opaque). Tip: You will learn more about RGBA Colors in our CSS Colors Chapter. Example div { background: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.3) /* Green background with 30% opacity */ } Try it Yourself » The CSS Background Color Property Property Description background-color Sets the background color of an element Video: CSS Background Color ★ +1 Sign in to track progress

CSS Colors CSS Colors In CSS, colors are specified by using a predefined color name, or with a RGB, HEX, HSL, RGBA, HSLA value. CSS Color Names In CSS, a color can be specified by using a predefined color name: Tomato Orange DodgerBlue MediumSeaGreen Gray SlateBlue Violet LightGray Try it Yourself » CSS/HTML support 140 standard color names. CSS Background Color You can set the background color for HTML elements: Hello World Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Example <h1 style="background-color:DodgerBlue;">Hello World</h1> <p style="background-color:Tomato;">Lorem ipsum...</p> Try it Yourself » CSS Text Color You can set the color of text: Hello World Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Example <h1 style="color:Tomato;">Hello World</h1> <p style="color:DodgerBlue;">Lorem ipsum...</p> <p style="color:MediumSeaGreen;">Ut wisi enim...</p> Try it Yourself » CSS Border Color You can set the color of borders: Hello World Hello World Hello World Example <h1 style="border:2px solid Tomato;">Hello World</h1> <h1 style="border:2px solid DodgerBlue;">Hello World</h1> <h1 style="border:2px solid Violet;">Hello World</h1> Try it Yourself » CSS Color Values In CSS, colors can also be specified using RGB values, HEX values, HSL values, RGBA values, and HSLA values: Same as color name "Tomato": rgb(255, 99, 71) #ff6347 hsl(9, 100%, 64%) Same as color name "Tomato", but 50% transparent: rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.5) hsla(9, 100%, 64%, 0.5) Example <h1 style="background-color:rgb(255, 99, 71);">...</h1> <h1 style="background-color:#ff6347;">...</h1> <h1 style="background-color:hsl(9, 100%, 64%);">...</h1> <h1 style="background-color:rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.5);">...</h1> <h1 style="background-color:hsla(9, 100%, 64%, 0.5);">...</h1> Try it Yourself » Learn more about Color Values You will learn more about RGB, HEX and HSL in the next chapters. Video: CSS Colors Introduction ★ +1 Sign in to track progress

CSS Errors CSS Errors Errors in CSS can lead to unexpected behavior or styles not being applied correctly. This page shows common CSS mistakes and how to avoid them. Missing Semicolons Forgetting a semicolon at the end of a property declaration can break the style rule. Example .bad { color: red background-color: yellow; } Try it Yourself » Invalid Property Names Using a property name that does not exist will simply be ignored by the browser. Example .bad { colr: blue; font-size: 16px; } Try it Yourself » Invalid Values Correct properties but invalid values will also be ignored. Example .bad { width: -100px; color: green; } Try it Yourself » Unclosed Braces If you forget to close a brace }, the entire rule may be ignored. Example .bad { padding: 20px; margin: 10px; Try it Yourself » Extra Colons or Braces Typos like extra colons or misplaced braces can cause rules to break. Example .bad { color:: blue; } Try it Yourself » Tips to Avoid CSS Errors Use a code editor with syntax highlighting. Validate your CSS with a CSS linter or validator. Write CSS in small sections and test frequently. ★ +1 Sign in to track progress

CSS Comments CSS Comments Comments are used to explain the CSS code, and may help when you edit the source code at a later date. Comments are also used to temporarily disable sections of CSS code within a stylesheet. Comments are ignored by browsers! A CSS comment is placed inside the HTML <style> element, and starts with /* and ends with */: Example /* This is a single-line comment */ p { color: red; } Try it Yourself » You can add comments wherever you want in the code: Example p { color: red; /* Set text color to red */ } Try it Yourself » Even in the middle of a code line: Example p { color: /*red*/blue; } Try it Yourself » Comments can also span multiple lines: Example /* This is a multi-line comment */ p { color: red; } Try it Yourself » HTML and CSS Comments From the HTML tutorial, you learned that you can add comments to your HTML source by using the <!--...--> syntax. In the following example, we use a combination of HTML and CSS comments: Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <style> p { color: red; /* Set text color to red */ } </style> </head> <body> <h2>My Heading</h2> <!-- These paragraphs will be red --> <p>Hello World!</p> <p>This paragraph is styled with CSS.</p> <p>HTML and CSS comments are not shown in the output.</p> </body> </html> Try it Yourself » Video: CSS Comments ★ +1 Sign in to track progress

How To Add CSS How to Add CSS When a browser reads a style sheet, it will format the HTML document according to the information in the style sheet. There are three ways of inserting a style sheet: External CSS - link to an external .css file Internal CSS - use the <style> element in the head section Inline CSS - use the style attribute on HTML elements External CSS With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire website by changing just one file! Each HTML page must include a reference to the external style sheet file inside the <link> element, inside the head section. Example External styles are defined within the <link> element, inside the <head> section of an HTML page: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <link rel="stylesheet" href="mystyle.css"> </head> <body> <h1>This is a heading</h1> <p>This is a paragraph.</p> </body> </html> Try it Yourself » An external style sheet can be written in any text editor, and must be saved with a .css extension. The external .css file should not contain any HTML tags. Here is how the "mystyle.css" file looks: "mystyle.css" body { background-color: lightblue; } h1 { color: navy; margin-left: 20px; } Note: Do not add a space between the property value (20) and the unit (px): Incorrect (space): margin-left: 20 px; Correct (no space): margin-left: 20px; Video: How to add CSS to HTML ★ +1 Sign in to track progress

CSS Selectors CSS Selectors CSS selectors are used to "find" (or select) the HTML elements you want to style. We can divide CSS selectors into five categories: Simple selectors (select elements based on name, id, class) Combinator selectors (select elements based on a specific relationship between them) Pseudo-class selectors (select elements based on a certain state) Pseudo-elements selectors (select and style a part of an element) Attribute selectors (select elements based on an attribute or attribute value) This page will explain the most basic CSS selectors. The CSS element Selector The element selector selects HTML elements based on the element name. Example Here, all <p> elements on the page will be center-aligned, with a red text color: p { text-align: center; color: red; } Try it Yourself » The CSS id Selector The id selector uses the id attribute of an HTML element to select a specific element. The id of an element is unique within a page, so the id selector is used to select one unique element! To select an element with a specific id, write a hash (#) character, followed by the id of the element. Example The CSS rule below will be applied to the HTML element with id="para1": #para1 { text-align: center; color: red; } Try it Yourself » Note: An id name cannot start with a number! The CSS class Selector The class selector selects HTML elements with a specific class attribute. To select elements with a specific class, write a period (.) character, followed by the class name. Example In this example all HTML elements with class="center" will be red and center-aligned: .center { text-align: center; color: red; } Try it Yourself » You can also specify that only specific HTML elements should be affected by a class. Example In this example only <p> elements with class="center" will be red and center-aligned: p.center { text-align: center; color: red; } Try it Yourself » HTML elements can also refer to more than one class. Example In this example the <p> element will be styled according to class="center" and to class="large": <p class="center large">This paragraph refers to two classes.</p> Try it Yourself » Note: A class name cannot start with a number! ★ +1 Sign in to track progress

CSS Syntax CSS Syntax A CSS rule consists of a selector and a declaration block: The selector points to the HTML element you want to style. The declaration block contains one or more declarations separated by semicolons. Each declaration includes a CSS property name and a value, separated by a colon. Multiple CSS declarations are separated with semicolons, and declaration blocks are surrounded by curly braces. Example In this example all <p> elements will be center-aligned, with a red text color: p { color: red; text-align: center; } Try it Yourself » Example Explained p is a selector in CSS (it points to the HTML element you want to style: <p>). color is a property, and red is the property value text-align is a property, and center is the property value You will learn much more about CSS selectors and CSS properties in the next chapters! Video: CSS Syntax ★ +1 Sign in to track progress

CSS Introduction What is CSS? CSS is the language we use to style a Web page. CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets CSS describes how HTML elements are to be displayed on screen, paper, or in other media CSS saves a lot of work. It can control the layout of multiple web pages all at once External stylesheets are stored in CSS files CSS Demo - One HTML Page - Multiple Styles! Here we will show one HTML page displayed with four different stylesheets. Click on the "Stylesheet 1", "Stylesheet 2", "Stylesheet 3", "Stylesheet 4" links below to see the different styles: Why Use CSS? CSS is used to define styles for your web pages, including the design, layout and variations in display for different devices and screen sizes. CSS Example body { background-color: lightblue; } h1 { color: white; text-align: center; } p { font-family: verdana; font-size: 20px; } Try it Yourself » CSS Saves a Lot of Work! The CSS definitions are normally saved in an external .css file. With an external stylesheet file, you can change the look of an entire website by changing just one file! Video: CSS Introduction ★ +1 Sign in to track progress

CSS Tutorial Learn CSS CSS is the language we use to style an HTML document. CSS describes how HTML elements should be displayed. This tutorial will teach you CSS from basic to advanced. Start learning CSS now » 🏁 Tip: Sign in to track your progress. Examples in Each Chapter This CSS tutorial contains over 700 CSS examples. With our online editor, you can edit the CSS, and click on a button to view the result. CSS Example body { background-color: lightblue; } h1 { color: white; text-align: center; } p { font-family: verdana; font-size: 20px; } Try it Yourself » Click on the "Try it Yourself" button to see how it works. CSS Examples Learn from over 700 examples! With our editor, you can edit the CSS, and click on a button to view the result. Go to CSS Examples! Use the Menu We recommend reading this tutorial, in the sequence listed in the menu. If you have a large screen, the menu will always be present on the left. If you have a small screen, open the menu by clicking the top menu sign ☰. CSS Templates We have created some responsive W3.CSS templates for you to use. You are free to modify, save, share, and use them in all your projects. Free CSS Templates! CSS Exercises Many chapters in this tutorial end with an exercise where you can check your level of knowledge. See all CSS Exercises CSS Quiz Test your CSS skills with a quiz. Start CSS Quiz! Track Your Progress Create a W3Schools account and get access to more features and learning materials: View your completed tutorials, exercises, and quizzes Keep an eye on your progress and daily streaks Join the leaderboard and compete with others Get your own avatar and unlock new skins Create your own personal website Sign Up » Note: This is an optional feature. You can study at W3Schools without creating an account. CSS References At W3Schools you will find complete CSS references of all properties and selectors with syntax, examples, browser support, and more. CSS Properties CSS Browser Support CSS Selectors CSS Combinators CSS Pseudo-classes CSS Pseudo-elements CSS At-rules CSS Functions CSS Animatable CSS Web Safe Fonts CSS Units Px to Em Conversion CSS Colors CSS Default Values CSS Entities CSS Aural Kickstart your career Get certified by completing the course Get certified ★ +1 Sign in to track progress

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IPS-OKSEO Pro — Invision Community 5.x 全栈 SEO 增强插件 IPS-OKSEO Pro 是一款深度整合 IPS 框架的 SEO 全功能插件，覆盖从内容发布到搜索引擎收录的完整链路，帮助站长无需任何第三方工具即可完成全站 SEO 优化与管理。 主要功能多引擎一键推送 支持 Google Search Console、Bing Webmaster、百度主动推送、Yandex（IndexNow），发布内容后自动触发推送，无需手动登录任何站长平台。 Open Graph & Schema.org 全站注入 自动为所有页面补全 OG 标签和 JSON-LD 结构化数据，提升社交分享展示效果与搜索结果富摘要。 SEO 健康评分 实时抓取分析任意页面，从标题、描述、H1、图片 Alt、Canonical、结构化数据等 10+ 维度打分（满分 100），并给出具体优化建议。 Meta 覆盖管理 无需修改主题，直接在后台为任意 URL 设置自定义 Title / Description / Keywords，支持全站统一标题后缀规则。 批量 Meta 分析 批量输入多个 URL，一次性检测所有页面的 SEO 核心指标，快速定位全站短板。 死链监控 & 301 跳转管理 自动捕获 404 错误并归档，支持一键转化为 301 跳转规则，防止权重流失。 Robots.txt 在线管理 在线编辑、下载、恢复默认，修改即时生效。 图片 Alt 扫描 扫描全站内容，找出所有缺少 Alt 属性的图片，精准定位修复。 兼容性Invision Community 5.x 无任何第三方依赖，纯原生 IPS 实现 文件信息 提交者 OKAA 提交于 02/18/26 类别 Invision Community 查看文件

Keyboard ShortcutsKeyboard Shortcuts For Windows and MacKeyboard shortcuts are often used in modern operating systems and computer software programs. Learning and using keyboard shortcuts can save you a lot of time. Basic ShortcutsDescription Windows Mac OS Edit menu Alt + E Ctrl + F2 + F File menu Alt + F Ctrl + F2 + E View menu Alt + V Ctrl + F2 + V Select all text Ctrl + A Cmd + A Copy text Ctrl + C Cmd + C Find text Ctrl + F Cmd + F Find and replace text Ctrl + H Cmd + F New Document Ctrl + N Cmd + N Open a file Ctrl + O Cmd + O Print options Ctrl + P Cmd + P Save file Ctrl + S Cmd + S Paste text Ctrl + V Cmd + V Cut text Ctrl + X Cmd + X Redo text Ctrl + Y Shift + Cmd + Z Undo text Ctrl + Z Cmd + Z Text EditingDescription Windows Mac OS Cursor Movement Go to the right or to the beginning of next line break Right Arrow Right Arrow Go to the left or to the end of previous line break Left Arrow Left Arrow Go up one row Up Arrow Up Arrow Go down one row Down Arrow Down Arrow Go to the beginning of the current line Home Cmd + Left Arrow Go to the end of the current line End Cmd + Right Arrow Go to the beginning of the document Ctrl + Home Cmd + Up Arrow Go to the end of the document Ctrl + End Cmd + Down Arrow Move up one frame Page Up Fn + Up Arrow Move down one frame Page Down Fn + Down Arrow Go to beginning of previous word Ctrl + Left Arrow Option + Left Arrow Go to beginning of next word Ctrl + Right Arrow Option + Right Arrow Go to beginning of line break Ctrl + Up Arrow Cmd + Left Arrow Go to end of line break Ctrl + Down Arrow Cmd + Right Arrow Text Selection Select characters to the left Shift + Left Arrow Shift + Left Arrow Select characters to the right Shift + Right Arrow Shift + Right Arrow Select lines upwards Shift + Up Arrow Shift + Up Arrow Select lines downwards Shift + Down Arrow Shift + Down Arrow Select words to the left Shift + Ctrl + Left Shift + Opt + Left Select words to the right Shift + Ctrl + Right Shift + Opt + Right Select paragraphs to the left Shift + Ctrl + Up Shift + Opt + Up Select paragraphs to the right Shift + Ctrl + Down Shift + Opt + Down Select text between the cursor and the beginning of the current line Shift + Home Cmd + Shift + Left Arrow Select text between the cursor and the end of the current line Shift + End Cmd + Shift + Right Arrow Select text between the cursor and the beginning of the document Shift + Ctrl + Home Cmd + Shift + Up Arrow or Cmd + Shift + Fn + Left Arrow Select text between the cursor and the end of the document Shift + Ctrl + End Cmd + Shift + Down Arrow or Cmd + Shift + Fn + Right Arrow Select one frame at a time of text above the cursor Shift + Page Up Shift + Fn + Up Arrow Select one frame at a time of text below the cursor Shift + Page Down Shift + Fn + Down Arrow Select all text Ctrl + A Cmd + A Find text Ctrl + F Cmd + F Text Formatting Make selected text bold Ctrl + B Cmd + B Make selected text italic Ctrl + I Cmd + I Underline selected text Ctrl + U Cmd + U Make selected text superscript Ctrl + Shift + = Cmd + Shift + = Make selected text subscript Ctrl + = Cmd + = Text Editing Delete characters to the left Backspace Backspace Delete characters to the right Delete Fn + Backspace Delete words to the right Ctrl + Del Cmd + Backspace Delete words to the left Ctrl + Backspace Cmd + Fn + Backspace Indent Tab Tab Outdent Shift + Tab Shift + Tab Copy text Ctrl + C Cmd + C Find and replace text Ctrl + H Cmd + F Paste text Ctrl + V Cmd + V Cut text Ctrl + X Cmd + X Redo text Ctrl + Y Shift + Cmd + Z Undo text Ctrl + Z Cmd + Z Web BrowsersDescription Windows Mac OS Navigation Scroll down a frame Space or Page Down Space or Fn + Down Arrow Scroll up a frame Shift + Space or Page Up Shift + Space or Fn + Up Arrow Go to bottom of the page End Cmd + Down Arrow Go to top of the page Home Cmd + Up Arrow Go back Alt + Left Arrow or Backspace Cmd + Left Arrow Go forward Alt + Right Arrow or Shift + Backspace Cmd + Right Arrow Refresh a webpage F5 Cmd + R Refresh a webpage (no cache) Ctrl + F5 Cmd + Shift + R Stop Esc Esc Toggle full-screen F11 Cmd + Shift + F Zoom in Ctrl + + Cmd + + Zoom out Ctrl + - Cmd + - Zoom 100% (default) Ctrl + 0 Cmd + 0 Open homepage Alt + Home Option + Home or Option + Fn + Left Arrow Find text Ctrl + F Cmd + F Tab / Window Management Open a new tab Ctrl + T Cmd + T Close current tab Ctrl + W Cmd + W Close all tabs Ctrl + Shift + W Cmd + Q Close all tabs except the current tab Ctrl + Alt + F4 Cmd + Opt + W Go to next tab Ctrl + Tab Control + Tab or Cmd + Shift + Right Arrow Go to previous tab Ctrl + Shift + Tab Shift + Control + Tab or Cmd + Shift + Left Arrow Go to a specific tab number Ctrl + 1-8 Cmd + 1-8 Go to the last tab Ctrl + 9 Cmd + 9 Reopen the last closed tab Ctrl + Shift + T Cmd + Shift + T Open a new window Ctrl + N Cmd + N Close current window Alt + F4 Cmd + W Go to next window Alt + Tab Cmd + Tab Go to previous window Alt + Shift + Tab Cmd + Shift + Tab Reopen the last closed window Ctrl + Shift + N Open links in a new tab in the background Ctrl + Click Cmd + Click Open links in a new tab in the foreground Ctrl + Shift + Click Cmd + Shift + Click Print current webpage Ctrl + P Cmd + P Save current webpage Ctrl + S Cmd + S Address Bar Cycle between toolbar, search bar, and page elements Tab Tab Go to browser's address bar Ctrl + L or Alt + D Cmd + L Focus and select the browser's search bar Ctrl + E Cmd + E / Cmd + K Open the address bar location in a new tab Alt + Enter Opt + Enter Display a list of previously typed addresses F4 Add "www." to the beginning and ".com" to the end of the text typed in the address bar (e.g., type "w3schools" and press Ctrl + Enter to open "www.w3schools.com") Ctrl + Enter Cmd + Enter or Control + Enter Bookmarks Open the bookmarks menu Ctrl + B Cmd + B Add bookmark for current page Ctrl + D Cmd + Opt + B or Cmd + Shift + B Open browsing history Ctrl + H Cmd + Shift + H or Cmd + Y Open download history Ctrl + J Cmd + J or Cmd + Shift + J ScreenshotsDescription Windows Mac OS Save screenshot of the whole screen as file Cmd + Shift + 3 Copy screenshot of the whole screen to the clipboard PrtScr (Print Screen) or Ctrl + PrtScr Cmd + Ctrl + Shift + 3 Save screenshot of window as file Cmd + Shift + 4, then Space Copy screenshot of window to the clipboard Alt + PrtScr Cmd + Ctrl + Shift + 4, then Space Copy screenshot of wanted area to the clipboard Cmd + Ctrl + Shift + 4 Save screenshot of wanted area as file Cmd + Shift + 4 Note: Due to different keyboard setups, some shortcuts may not be compatible for all users.

Pixels to Ems ConversionPixel to Em ConverterThe tool below allows you to work out the em sizes from pixels (or vice versa). Set a default pixel size for body (usually 16px) Then, convert a pixel value to em, based on the default pixel size Or, convert an em value to pixels, based on the default pixel size Set a default pixel size: px Convert PX to EM: px Convert EM to PX: em Convert Result: Body Font SizeIn the table below, select a body font size in pixels (px) to display a complete "px to em and percent" conversion table. Tip: The default font size is usually 16px. What is the difference between PX, EM and Percent? Pixel is a static measurement, while percent and EM are relative measurements. The size of an EM or percent depends on its parent. If the text size of body is 16 pixels, then 150% or 1.5 EM will be 24 pixels (1.5 * 16). Look at CSS Units for more measurement units.

HTTP Request Methods What is HTTP? The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is designed to enable communications between clients and servers. HTTP works as a request-response protocol between a client and server. Example: A client (browser) sends an HTTP request to the server; then the server returns a response to the client. The response contains status information about the request and may also contain the requested content. HTTP Methods GET POST PUT HEAD DELETE PATCH OPTIONS CONNECT TRACE The two most common HTTP methods are: GET and POST. The GET Method GET is used to request data from a specified resource. Note that the query string (name/value pairs) is sent in the URL of a GET request: /test/demo_form.php?name1=value1&name2=value2 Some notes on GET requests: GET requests can be cached GET requests remain in the browser history GET requests can be bookmarked GET requests should never be used when dealing with sensitive data GET requests have length restrictions GET requests are only used to request data (not modify) The POST Method POST is used to send data to a server to create/update a resource. The data sent to the server with POST is stored in the request body of the HTTP request: POST /test/demo_form.php HTTP/1.1 Host: w3schools.com name1=value1&name2=value2 Some notes on POST requests: POST requests are never cached POST requests do not remain in the browser history POST requests cannot be bookmarked POST requests have no restrictions on data length Compare GET vs. POST The following table compares the two HTTP methods: GET and POST. GET POST BACK button/Reload Harmless Data will be re-submitted (the browser should alert the user that the data are about to be re-submitted) Bookmarked Can be bookmarked Cannot be bookmarked Cached Can be cached Not cached Encoding type application/x-www-form-urlencoded application/x-www-form-urlencoded or multipart/form-data. Use multipart encoding for binary data History Parameters remain in browser history Parameters are not saved in browser history Restrictions on data length Yes, when sending data, the GET method adds the data to the URL; and the length of a URL is limited (maximum URL length is 2048 characters) No restrictions Restrictions on data type Only ASCII characters allowed No restrictions. Binary data is also allowed Security GET is less secure compared to POST because data sent is part of the URL Never use GET when sending passwords or other sensitive information! POST is a little safer than GET because the parameters are not stored in browser history or in web server logs Visibility Data is visible to everyone in the URL Data is not displayed in the URL The PUT Method PUT is used to send data to a server to create/update a resource. The difference between POST and PUT is that PUT requests are idempotent. That is, calling the same PUT request multiple times will always produce the same result. In contrast, calling a POST request repeatedly have side effects of creating the same resource multiple times. The HEAD Method HEAD is almost identical to GET, but without the response body. In other words, if GET /users returns a list of users, then HEAD /users will make the same request but will not return the list of users. A HEAD request is useful for checking what a GET request will return before actually making a GET request - a HEAD request can read the Content-Length header to check the size of the file, without actually downloading the file. The DELETE Method The DELETE method deletes the specified resource. The PATCH Method The PATCH method is used to apply partial modifications to a resource. The OPTIONS Method The OPTIONS method describes the communication options for the target resource. The CONNECT Method The CONNECT method is used to start a two-way communications (a tunnel) with the requested resource. The TRACE Method The TRACE method is used to perform a message loop-back test that tests the path for the target resource (useful for debugging purposes).